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E-cigarettes are battery-operated devices designed to deliver nicotine with flavorings and other chemicals to users in vapor form instead of smoke

ERC 2007, World Cigarettes 1: The 2007 Report , 2007, ERC Statistics Intl PIc, Online, viewed 6th December, 2008

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While during the 2000s and early 2010s the standard unit of measurement for intensity was x amount of [water, CO 2 , energy, etc.] per million cigarettes produced, a recent trend has been to not mention the amount of environmental impact per cigarettes produced by instead measuring intensity in environmental costs per million of US dollars or British pounds of net tobacco revenue (Imperial Tobacco Group PLC 2015)

Group differences were assessed using the chi-squared or Fishers exact test for categorical variables