Furthermore, tobacco smoking disrupted gut microbiota composition and hepatic metabolism, increasing cholesterol accumulation and altering bile acid homeostasis, particularly under high-fat diets
European Journal of Preventive Cardiology
In addition, the abundance of Prevotella and Saccharibacteria (TM7) (G-1) was also positively correlated with serum IFN-, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-1, IL-2, IL-4 and TNF- levels of e-cigarette smokers
The shift towards a pathogenic microbial profile often exacerbates inflammation, leading to tissue destruction and further compromising oral health [31, 32]
Dried leaves will keep for around six months in a sealed container in a cool, dry, and dark location